For my research example I read an article from the Journal of the American Medical Association titled: “Clinicopathological Evaluation of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) in Players of American Football.” It describes an experiment that sampled 202 deceased American football players who’s brains were donated by family members. There were six different levels of football that the 202 players competed in; pre-high school, high school, college, semi-professional, Canadian football league, and the National football league (NFL). 177 of the 202 players were diagnosed with CTE. 110 out of 111 NFL players in this study were diagnosed with CTE. Meanwhile, 48 out of 53 college students were diangosed, 9 out of 14 semi-professionals were diagnosed, and 7 out of 8 Canadian football league players were diagnosed.
This study suggests that CTE is likely to be related to prior participation in football. Additionally, palyers of American football are likely to be at increased risk of long-term neurological conditions. Lastly, the higher level of play, the more likely one is to be diagnosed with CTE.
Technological advancements will continue to provide more information on the CTE dilemma surrounding American football.
Organizational data is a type of data, while public and private records is a data collection method being used.

Citation:

Mez, Jesse, Daniel H. Daneshvar, and Patrick T. Kiernan. “Clinicopathological Evaluation of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Players of American Football.” Journal of the American Medical Association, July 25, 2017, 360-70.

For this research example I looked at “The effects of music listening on psychological stress and maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy.” Woman go through high amounts of pain during Pregnancy as well as stress. The study was was a randomized controlled trial that had two groups, the experimental group got routine rental care as well as being able to listen to music. The control group only received routine rental care with no music. There were 320 participants, experimental had 162 woman and the control group had 158 woman. Some measures were pregnancy stress rating scale, perceived stress scale, and maternal-fetal attachment scale. The music group had crystal music, nature sounds, classical music, lullabies, and symphonic music. The results found that the experimental group had a lot of reduced stress due to the music choices they listened to. The music choices that the woman favored the most were crystal music, nature sounds, classical music, and then lullabies. When listening to these types of music, the experimental group, often listen to their music when they were resting, leisure time activities, and performing some sort of chores. The study found that pregnant woman have less reduced stress when listening to their choices of music.

Chang, H., Yu, C., Chen, S., & Chen, C. (2015). The effects of music listening on psychosocial stress and maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy.Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 23(4), 509-515. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.redlands.edu/10.1016/j.ctim.2015.05.002 Retrieved from http://ezproxy.redlands.edu/docview/1717415647?accountid=14729

This researcher presents a case study about the repatriation claim for two sets of human remains discovered at the University of California, San Diego.  The repatriation controversy existed between the Kumeyaay Cultural Repatriation Committee, which represents twelve federally-recognized Native American tribes.  Mayes explores the significant scientific interest in the skeletons by University researchers.  He also explains how determining the origins of the remains was vital to determining if they could be classified as Native American.  Interestingly, Native American tribes have a variety of cultural beliefs surrounding the treatment of human remains.  Some cultures strongly oppose any invasive investigation of a human remain.  Other cultures have evolved their cultural beliefs to allow for DNA analysis in order to aid in their repatriation process and provide evidence.  The Kumeyaay requested a noninvasive investigation of the remains.  Mayes argues that cultural miscommunication between tribal and scientific communities was the key issue in the repatriation of the La Jolla skeletons.  Paleoindians and archaic human remains are often classified as culturally unidentifiable which sparks controversy and clashing beliefs between the two sides.  He also explains how osteological analysis provides crucial information for determining a skeleton’s origin.  He analyzed the physical data of the skeletons and argues how they qualify as Native American.

I found this case study to be extremely detailed regarding the physical data of the skeletons.  He argues from the perspective and expert knowledge of a physical anthropologist with information about forensics and osteology.  He used qualitative data that he obtained through reports of the scientific studies of the remains.  It was helpful to me to learn more specifics about DNA extraction and the controversy it can pose.  It was interesting to consider how some tribes desire a human remain to be repatriated, but certain methods for determining cultural affiliation do not align with their customs.

Mayes, Arion T. “These Bones Are Read: The Science and Politics of Ancient Native America.” American Indian Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2, 2010, p. 131., doi:10.5250/amerindiquar.34.2.131.

I was interested in finding an article that explains the benefits and drawbacks of a lecture based class that does not involve computers or technology. An article called the “Study and Analysis of the Lecture Model of Teaching” was helpful in explaining the strategies of lecture based classes and the overall goal that most aim to achieve. The article comes from the International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration. The main idea is that lecture based teaching styles have been around for a long time and is the primary way of teaching subjects. The teaching method is simple and can encompass a wide range of subjects. The method involves a teacher or presenter standing in the front of a room and addressing the class while students take notes or actively listen. The advantages of having this type of model is that it can peak students interests and can be stimulating. It is also often enjoyable to listen to a speaker rather than absorb the information off a computer screen or book. The teacher presenting the lecture can also provide helpful insight on different subjects.

The disadvantages of the lecture model is that students cannot pause the lecture to go back and review something. The students are also only as engaged in the lecture as the teacher or presenter is. The students are also given information and are not able to come to conclusions or develop their own ideas during the lecture. The main goal of the author is to analyze the lecture model of teaching and show the pros and cons of this style. The lecture based model has been around for many years and has been proven to be useful. It will continue to be around despite the advancements in technology. The research was able to demonstrate the importance of the lecture based style of teaching as compared to the technology integrated method. 

Kaur, G. (2011). Study and analysis of lecture model of teaching. Int J Educational Planning Admin, 1(1), 9-13.

This article is titled “Integrating Community Service and Classroom Instruction Enhances Learning: Results From an Experiment” by Markus and Howard from the University of Michigan and King form Harvard University. This article contributes to the discussion of the  value  implementing service learning has in the classroom by reporting on an experiment that integrated service-learning into a political science undergraduate classroom. Their research question is: What are the educational “results of an experiment in complementing classroom learning in a large undergraduate political science course with learning gained through students’ experiences working with community service agencies”? (Markus, Howard, & King, 1993). The type of data required for this research is reports of acts, behaviors, and events. The authors of this article gathered their data through surveys administered before and after the experiment took place, collecting identification information pre-experiment, and collecting post-experiment questions asking students to report on the extent to they thought the service-learning had influenced their personal adaptation toward the community. The researchers collected answers from students participating in the service-learning course and a traditional course to compare the academic results of the two classrooms. The researchers also obtained course grades and information on class attendance (Markus, Howard, & King, 1993). The researchers analyzed the data by performing a t test, comparing the pre- and post- course scores from the survey (Markus, Howard, & King, 1993). The researchers of the article report finding that there are academic payoffs for students that engage in classrooms that integrate service-learning (Markus, Howard, & King, 1993). My proposal will be researching if service-learning can improve the academic success of struggling undergraduate students. This article will help contribute to my own research, as it provides me with a basis to understand the academic benefits service-learning has on college students.

Markus, G.B., Howard, J.P.F., & King, D.C. (1993). Integrating community service and classroom instruction enhances learning: Reports from an experiment. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 15(4), 410-419.

Sara Givon & Deborah Court (2009) Coping strategies of high school students with learning disabilities: a longitudinal qualitative study and grounded theory, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 23:3, 283-303, DOI: 10.1080/09518390903352343

This study took place in Israel. Givon and Court interviewed twenty high school students who had  identified learning disabilities. Givon and Court sought to investigate the coping strategies these students possessed. For their research, they used four emotional-cognitive strategies: avoidance, rebellion, reconciliation, and determination. These were used a measure to assess the students’ level of adjustment to their learning disability. This research focused on students with learning disabilities and the resources and coping skills they utilized, or not through their secondary education by collecting data in their tenth grade, eleventh grade, and twelfth grade years. The study asked the following research question: “What emotional and cognitive resources do the students themselves recruit toward trying to meet the academic demands of obtaining a matriculation certificate?” The data used for this research was mostly personal feelings and reports of acts, behaviors, or events. This data was collected through “in-depth, semi-structured interviews” with every student in their sample population. They also conducted interviews with parents and teachers of the students. Additionally, they collected organizational records to access academic records. To analyze their data, they used the ‘grounded theory’ methodology. All the interviews had been transcribed from audio recordings, keeping in line with the grounded theory methodology. The research seemed thorough and I was impressed with the models of coping strategies they developed from their findings. This research was interesting because it was an international study, and I had only been looking at U.S. perspectives, since our educational policies differ nationally. I was also surprised to see a study conducted on minors in special education. I have not found studies of this nature, I believe because of IRB policies protecting children and people with disabilities. While the standards may be different in Israel than they are in the states, it was still helpful to look at a study such as this.

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This reference is a book chapter in Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil by Anthony W. Marx, the CEO of the New York Public Library and former president of Amherst College. He has written multiple scholarly articles and books about South Africa. The citation for this book is:

Marx, Anthony W. “We Are a Rock,” in Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997): 194-216.

In this book chapter, Marx analyzes the economic consequences and the downfall of the apartheid state in South Africa. He argues that economics and the act of nation-building had the most influence on the anti-apartheid movement’s success. His data type is expert knowledge. To collect the qualitative data, he uses public and private records. His research question could be posed as: When did South Africans find commonality in their experiences, and what was the most successful form of protest that forced state authorities to respond to the anti-apartheid movement? This reference is credible because the content is written by a scholar that is well-knowledgeable about the region, has written multiple other works about apartheid, and is an open advocate for rights for black South Africans. The book is interesting to me because it looks at deeper economic effects, rather than other works written about racial injustice. Racial injustice is important to look at, but there are factors other than political protest that contributed to the success of the anti-apartheid movement. This may be interesting to my classmates who may not know much about the anti-apartheid movement in general, considering that it was not originally supported by Western countries, including the United States. It may not have appeared in world history school textbooks during middle school or high school education.

This week, I found an article on how stigma around poverty and the caste system affects people with mental illnesses in India. The article is called “Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case-control study”.  Their research question or statement, while not stated directly, was “how does discrimination and stigma affect people with mental illness in regards to their status as impoverished or not?”.  They hypothesize that in India, the social-stigma and exclusion towards people with serious mental illnesses leads to low self esteem and worse life conditions over time, hindering their ability to receive help or treatment. For example, people with mental illnesses may be treated a burden to the family and unable to fulfill their prescribed duties under cultural/social norms, leading to low self esteem, learned helplessness, etc. They may be discriminated against by others due to stigma around mental illness and denied job opportunities or a proper social life (exclusion). Education, health, shelter, and food were also taken into consideration when evaluating the lifestyles and poverty status of individuals. Their method of choice was to do a case study, comparing mentally ill people to a non-mentally ill control group through the Department of Psychiatry of the Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital in New Delhi. The ill participants were recruited through the hospital by being told about the study and choosing whether or not to participate, and then be referred to a researcher for informed consent. They were matched to randomly selected non-ill people who were around the same age as them and lived in the same area. Participants were interviewed on demographics, health, accessibility, employment, education, food security, socioeconomic factors, income,  physical safety (measured through perception), material well-being, social life. One-way analyses were used to look for significance in discrimination and poverty levels between the two groups, as well as adjusting for gender, age, and caste. Difference in access to employment, income, food security, and house ownership were high when comparing the two main groups, with the patients experiencing these dimensions of their lives negatively. When controlling for gender, women were more deprived and experienced more poverty, especially if they were from the hospital group. When controlling for caste, ‘scheduled castes’, ‘scheduled tribes’, and ‘other backward castes’ were more likely to be poor.  When it came to the relationship between poverty and stigma, the p value was always < .0001 regardless of gender, caste, and age controls.

Trani, J., Bakhshi, P., Kuhlberg, J., Narayanan, S., Venkataraman, H., Mishra, N., Groce, N., Jadhav, S., Deshpande, S. (2015). Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case-control study. BMJ Open. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006355

Research Example 6

The title of this peer reviewed article is “Art and Architecture Discipline Problem”. This article talks about the relationship between art and architecture. Apparently the relationship between art and architecture has changed drastically in the past half century. The roots of the art forms are the same, but “art” is more tucked inside of galleries and hidden, while “architecture” is visible and can’t not be “seen”. The article continues to explore the relationships between painters, sculptures and architects, suggesting that if they worked together, they reconstruct and rebuild cities. It then challenges sub sections of art, saying they all meld together. For example, saying that buildings could constitute as a statue. This created lots of controversy and questions among artists, regarding their relationship with other artists.

The topic of this article is the relationship between are and architecture. The question of this article is; “what type of relationship does art have with architecture? Specifically, what what type of relationship do people in the art field, have with each other.

I am not exactly sure how to answer this research question. But I think interviews would be a good way to get peoples opinions on the art forms. Perhaps  asking for reports and acts of behaviors of events, would also be beneficial. You could then combine the reports and interviews and draw conclusions on the relationship between these different art forms.

To me, this research is very random, but interesting none the less. I would not have thought that artists would have had such strong opinions regarding other art forms.

I think my classmates would find this interesting because it is very out of the box research. The research compares things that you wouldn’t have assumed. This makes the article even more interesting, forcing the reader to think in an unorthodox way. This article is a secondary source because some of the information obtained was from another source.

Bibliography:

Plagens, P. (2014). ART AND ARCHITECTURE. Architectural Record, 202(8), 59–63.

The research article I selected for research example number 6 is an article I found in the Armacost library database. The article is from the Journal of Environmental Health volume 76, number 4. The title of the article is “Investigation of Radon and Heavy Metals in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, High Lung Cancer Incidence Areas in China.” Two cities in China, Xuanwei and Fuyuan, are located in the Yunnan province in southwest China. Xuanwei has an unusually high female lung cancer rate, which is eight times the nations average. The lung cancer rate for men in Xuanwei is four times the national average. Xuanwei has a population of more than 1.4 million people. Fuyuan is located next to Xuanwei and also has a lung cancer rate that is among the highest in the world. Fuyuan has a population of more than 700,000 people. It is believed that the primary cause of lung cancer in these cities is from burning coal in the homes. The authors believe that there are other possible causes of high lung cancer rate which include heavy metals and radon found in the water and soil. The authors collected water and soil samples at twenty-five sites within the two cities. The sites were located in communities with high lung cancer rates. All of the water samples were collected from water wells and the soil samples were collected from different locations. Radon was monitored using a radon analyzer. The air was also tested for levels of mercury. The results of the analysis showed that the level of radon in the air did not exceed the World Health Organization standard and most the heavy metals were found at very low levels in the water and soil. The authors concluded that the exposure of radon and mercury in the air had no significant relationship to lung cancer. They also found that the heavy metals in the water and soil had little influence on the health of the population. Their study was the first one to determine the levels of the pollutants in that area. The authors believe that this study will be helpful to future studies on the causes of lung cancer in these cities.

Lv, J., Zhang, W., & Xu, R. (2013). Investigation of radon and heavy metals in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, high lung cancer incidence areas in china. Journal of Environmental Health, 76(4), 32-8. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.redlands.edu/docview/1449819742?accountid=14729