For this research example I looked at “The effects of music listening on psychological stress and maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy.” Woman go through high amounts of pain during Pregnancy as well as stress. The study was was a randomized controlled trial that had two groups, the experimental group got routine rental care as well as being able to listen to music. The control group only received routine rental care with no music. There were 320 participants, experimental had 162 woman and the control group had 158 woman. Some measures were pregnancy stress rating scale, perceived stress scale, and maternal-fetal attachment scale. The music group had crystal music, nature sounds, classical music, lullabies, and symphonic music. The results found that the experimental group had a lot of reduced stress due to the music choices they listened to. The music choices that the woman favored the most were crystal music, nature sounds, classical music, and then lullabies. When listening to these types of music, the experimental group, often listen to their music when they were resting, leisure time activities, and performing some sort of chores. The study found that pregnant woman have less reduced stress when listening to their choices of music.

Chang, H., Yu, C., Chen, S., & Chen, C. (2015). The effects of music listening on psychosocial stress and maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy.Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 23(4), 509-515. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.redlands.edu/10.1016/j.ctim.2015.05.002 Retrieved from http://ezproxy.redlands.edu/docview/1717415647?accountid=14729

As I keep reading over my research question “how does music genres affect percieved stress?” I feel like it may be to broad in a sense. However, most of the articles that i have found on my topic seem to be that music is a very theraputical stress reliever. For this article i looked up on google scholar how does music affect your mood and found an article called “memorable expeirences with sad music- reasons, reactions, and mechanisms of three types of experiences.” The article discusses how to clarify the relevant reasons, mechanisms, and emotions involved in musical experiences associated with sadness. They  wanted to focus on 4 specific questions: What are the characteristics of music-induced sadness in terms of the situations, changes in physical and mental states and physical reactions? What are the dominant psychological mechanisms and reasons behind the experiences involving sad music? what are the typical emotions associated with such experiences and the specific structure underlying these? And how prevalent are the different types of experiences previously identified in association with listening to sad music? The method they used to answer these questions was an online survey and was anonymous which was no consent from the particpants but the survey explained the volunatary use they will be using the survey for. The first section dealt with attitudes towards sad music, the second section dealt with exploration of the 24 reasons to listen to sad music, and the third section dealt with the participants chosen memorable sad music. I believe this a great method i could use to see how different types of genres of music can help with any kind of stress you may be having.

Eerola, Tuomas, and Henna-Riikka Peltola. “Memorable Experiences with Sad Music—Reasons, Reactions and Mechanisms of Three Types of Experiences.” Plos One, vol. 11, no. 6, 2016, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157444.

The article that I found “Does music influence stress in mechaniically ventilated patients?” explores if music can reduce stress in patients who are very ill. The purpose of this study was to see if two controlled conditions in their patients, people who listened to music and people who didn’t listen to music, would lower their patients stress level. For this study they used urinary cortisol to measure the stress, urinary measures of stress hormones have been used as biomarkers of chronic stress. So, they would go on daily 24hr urine collection to measure the levels of stress. The data that was collected was on gender, race, ethnicity, age, length of time being ventilated, and all medications. There were a total of 70 participants but 5 of them were not able to get urine collected due to a medication that had steroids in it and would effect the study. There were 65 patients who got the daily urine collection. When analyzing the data that they found in their tables and graphs they found no big signicance or pattern that help support their research question. However, the one thing they did see was a pattern in the PDM (patient directed music) that showed they had less stress related values in one of the figures.

Chlan, L. L., Engeland, W. C., & Savik, K. (2013). Does music influence stress in mechanically ventilated patients? Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, 29(3), 121-7. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.redlands.edu/10.1016/j.iccn.2012.11.001

The article that I used for this research example is called “Effects of Music on Depression and Sleep Quality i Elderly People: A randomized Controlled Trial.” I used ProQuest and sorted the articles by scholarly journals. In this article they discuss the effects of music on depression and anxiety in the elderly community. It was a controlled randomized study that was separated into three measures which were: demographic variables, physiological parameters, and physiological parameters. There choices of music were meditative, Chinese classical, western classical, and western modern jazz. The results came back showing that listening to music helps to improve sleep quality and the results of depression lowered as well. I believe this way of collecting data would be beneficial in my research of finding music related to stress levels.

Chan, M. F., Chan, E. A., & Mok, E. (2010). Effects of music on depression and sleep quality in elderly people: A randomised controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 18(3-4), 150-9. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.redlands.edu/10.1016/j.ctim.2010.02.004

While looking for articles in the library for my topic on music, I wasn’t able to find a lot. Their were articles of the history of music but nothing dealing with stress or coping with it. However, I found an article called Journal of sport and Exercise Psychology by Robert C. Eklund, and one of the journals discusses Pyschophysical and Ergogenic effects of synchronous music during treadmill walking by Costas Karageorghis, Denis Mouzourides, David-Lee Priest, Tariq Sasso, Daley Morrish, and Carolyn Walley. This article wanted to figure out what effects do motivational synchronous music and oudeterous synchronous music have on the body when on the treadmill. Even when people sit motionless with no music the body still tends to move, tap the feet, fingers moving etc. They broke down the method to different stages: stage 1 was the music selection, they took samples from 100 volunteers that gave consent. Stage 2 was the Experimental Investigation, members were to walk on a treadmill at a high rate while listening to music and were required to follow identical patterns of activity and diet. Were also not allowed to eat 2 hrs before the experiment. In one of the figures they had motivational, oudeterous, and no music while testing the endurance, and people who listen to motivational music tend to have more endurance on the treadmill. It seemed like the data they were using was acts, behaviors, or events because they were trying to see how much endurance  the particpants can go and they did this with a controlled study possibly using focus groups.

Eklund PhD, Robert C. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1st ed., vol. 31, Human Kinetics., 2009.

With my topic being on music i wanted to see what types or genres of music can reduce stress/anxiety/depression. The article “Coping with Stress: The Effectiveness of Different Types of Music” by Elise Labbè, Nicholas Schmidt, Jonathan Babin, and Martha Pharr analyze some types of music such as heavy metal, classical, or self-select music and silence. With there being no research question, seems there was more of a hypothesis going on. They made the assumption that listening to classical or self-selected music  after being introduced to a stressor would reduce the anger, anxiety, and be more relaxed than the participants who listened to heavy metal or sat in silence. In this study there were 56 college students, 15 males, and  41 females. 11% were african american, 82% were caucasian, 2% were asian, and 2% were other ethnicity. For the study they needed to conduct some measurements, they used a demographic questionnaire, relaxation rating scale, music rating scale, state trait anger expression inventory-2, state trait Anxiety inventory form Y, and physiological assessment of heart rate. All these studies helped identify how these 56 college students helped reduce their stress. Students were picked at random to self select, classical, heavy metal, or sit in silence. They completed there demographic data questionnaire  and trait scales of the music, then having physiological sensors attached to them. After being attached with the sensors the students were given a mentally difficult test. Following that they filled out a relaxation rating scale, they were told to sit in silence or listen to music again for 20 mins, then filling out the relaxation rating scale again. Results showed that state anger decreased significantly over time for all participants. They showed that self-selecting music resulted in the lowest rating of state anger compared to the other conditions selected. Overall, people will listen to whatever music they want to hear because each genre of music can give off different feeling and emotions. For example some people listen to rock music to calm down as i like to listen to country to calm down, so i believe it depends on the situation we are placed in.

Labbé, E., Schmidt, N., Babin, J., & Pharr, M. (2007). Coping with stress: The effectiveness of different types of music. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 32(3-4), 163-8. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.redlands.edu/10.1007/s10484-007-9043-9