I was interested in finding an article that explains the benefits and drawbacks of a lecture based class that does not involve computers or technology. An article called the “Study and Analysis of the Lecture Model of Teaching” was helpful in explaining the strategies of lecture based classes and the overall goal that most aim to achieve. The article comes from the International Journal of Educational Planning and Administration. The main idea is that lecture based teaching styles have been around for a long time and is the primary way of teaching subjects. The teaching method is simple and can encompass a wide range of subjects. The method involves a teacher or presenter standing in the front of a room and addressing the class while students take notes or actively listen. The advantages of having this type of model is that it can peak students interests and can be stimulating. It is also often enjoyable to listen to a speaker rather than absorb the information off a computer screen or book. The teacher presenting the lecture can also provide helpful insight on different subjects.

The disadvantages of the lecture model is that students cannot pause the lecture to go back and review something. The students are also only as engaged in the lecture as the teacher or presenter is. The students are also given information and are not able to come to conclusions or develop their own ideas during the lecture. The main goal of the author is to analyze the lecture model of teaching and show the pros and cons of this style. The lecture based model has been around for many years and has been proven to be useful. It will continue to be around despite the advancements in technology. The research was able to demonstrate the importance of the lecture based style of teaching as compared to the technology integrated method. 

Kaur, G. (2011). Study and analysis of lecture model of teaching. Int J Educational Planning Admin, 1(1), 9-13.

This article is titled “Integrating Community Service and Classroom Instruction Enhances Learning: Results From an Experiment” by Markus and Howard from the University of Michigan and King form Harvard University. This article contributes to the discussion of the  value  implementing service learning has in the classroom by reporting on an experiment that integrated service-learning into a political science undergraduate classroom. Their research question is: What are the educational “results of an experiment in complementing classroom learning in a large undergraduate political science course with learning gained through students’ experiences working with community service agencies”? (Markus, Howard, & King, 1993). The type of data required for this research is reports of acts, behaviors, and events. The authors of this article gathered their data through surveys administered before and after the experiment took place, collecting identification information pre-experiment, and collecting post-experiment questions asking students to report on the extent to they thought the service-learning had influenced their personal adaptation toward the community. The researchers collected answers from students participating in the service-learning course and a traditional course to compare the academic results of the two classrooms. The researchers also obtained course grades and information on class attendance (Markus, Howard, & King, 1993). The researchers analyzed the data by performing a t test, comparing the pre- and post- course scores from the survey (Markus, Howard, & King, 1993). The researchers of the article report finding that there are academic payoffs for students that engage in classrooms that integrate service-learning (Markus, Howard, & King, 1993). My proposal will be researching if service-learning can improve the academic success of struggling undergraduate students. This article will help contribute to my own research, as it provides me with a basis to understand the academic benefits service-learning has on college students.

Markus, G.B., Howard, J.P.F., & King, D.C. (1993). Integrating community service and classroom instruction enhances learning: Reports from an experiment. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 15(4), 410-419.

Sara Givon & Deborah Court (2009) Coping strategies of high school students with learning disabilities: a longitudinal qualitative study and grounded theory, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 23:3, 283-303, DOI: 10.1080/09518390903352343

This study took place in Israel. Givon and Court interviewed twenty high school students who had  identified learning disabilities. Givon and Court sought to investigate the coping strategies these students possessed. For their research, they used four emotional-cognitive strategies: avoidance, rebellion, reconciliation, and determination. These were used a measure to assess the students’ level of adjustment to their learning disability. This research focused on students with learning disabilities and the resources and coping skills they utilized, or not through their secondary education by collecting data in their tenth grade, eleventh grade, and twelfth grade years. The study asked the following research question: “What emotional and cognitive resources do the students themselves recruit toward trying to meet the academic demands of obtaining a matriculation certificate?” The data used for this research was mostly personal feelings and reports of acts, behaviors, or events. This data was collected through “in-depth, semi-structured interviews” with every student in their sample population. They also conducted interviews with parents and teachers of the students. Additionally, they collected organizational records to access academic records. To analyze their data, they used the ‘grounded theory’ methodology. All the interviews had been transcribed from audio recordings, keeping in line with the grounded theory methodology. The research seemed thorough and I was impressed with the models of coping strategies they developed from their findings. This research was interesting because it was an international study, and I had only been looking at U.S. perspectives, since our educational policies differ nationally. I was also surprised to see a study conducted on minors in special education. I have not found studies of this nature, I believe because of IRB policies protecting children and people with disabilities. While the standards may be different in Israel than they are in the states, it was still helpful to look at a study such as this.

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This reference is a book chapter in Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil by Anthony W. Marx, the CEO of the New York Public Library and former president of Amherst College. He has written multiple scholarly articles and books about South Africa. The citation for this book is:

Marx, Anthony W. “We Are a Rock,” in Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997): 194-216.

In this book chapter, Marx analyzes the economic consequences and the downfall of the apartheid state in South Africa. He argues that economics and the act of nation-building had the most influence on the anti-apartheid movement’s success. His data type is expert knowledge. To collect the qualitative data, he uses public and private records. His research question could be posed as: When did South Africans find commonality in their experiences, and what was the most successful form of protest that forced state authorities to respond to the anti-apartheid movement? This reference is credible because the content is written by a scholar that is well-knowledgeable about the region, has written multiple other works about apartheid, and is an open advocate for rights for black South Africans. The book is interesting to me because it looks at deeper economic effects, rather than other works written about racial injustice. Racial injustice is important to look at, but there are factors other than political protest that contributed to the success of the anti-apartheid movement. This may be interesting to my classmates who may not know much about the anti-apartheid movement in general, considering that it was not originally supported by Western countries, including the United States. It may not have appeared in world history school textbooks during middle school or high school education.

This week, I found an article on how stigma around poverty and the caste system affects people with mental illnesses in India. The article is called “Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case-control study”.  Their research question or statement, while not stated directly, was “how does discrimination and stigma affect people with mental illness in regards to their status as impoverished or not?”.  They hypothesize that in India, the social-stigma and exclusion towards people with serious mental illnesses leads to low self esteem and worse life conditions over time, hindering their ability to receive help or treatment. For example, people with mental illnesses may be treated a burden to the family and unable to fulfill their prescribed duties under cultural/social norms, leading to low self esteem, learned helplessness, etc. They may be discriminated against by others due to stigma around mental illness and denied job opportunities or a proper social life (exclusion). Education, health, shelter, and food were also taken into consideration when evaluating the lifestyles and poverty status of individuals. Their method of choice was to do a case study, comparing mentally ill people to a non-mentally ill control group through the Department of Psychiatry of the Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital in New Delhi. The ill participants were recruited through the hospital by being told about the study and choosing whether or not to participate, and then be referred to a researcher for informed consent. They were matched to randomly selected non-ill people who were around the same age as them and lived in the same area. Participants were interviewed on demographics, health, accessibility, employment, education, food security, socioeconomic factors, income,  physical safety (measured through perception), material well-being, social life. One-way analyses were used to look for significance in discrimination and poverty levels between the two groups, as well as adjusting for gender, age, and caste. Difference in access to employment, income, food security, and house ownership were high when comparing the two main groups, with the patients experiencing these dimensions of their lives negatively. When controlling for gender, women were more deprived and experienced more poverty, especially if they were from the hospital group. When controlling for caste, ‘scheduled castes’, ‘scheduled tribes’, and ‘other backward castes’ were more likely to be poor.  When it came to the relationship between poverty and stigma, the p value was always < .0001 regardless of gender, caste, and age controls.

Trani, J., Bakhshi, P., Kuhlberg, J., Narayanan, S., Venkataraman, H., Mishra, N., Groce, N., Jadhav, S., Deshpande, S. (2015). Mental illness, poverty and stigma in India: a case-control study. BMJ Open. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006355

Research Example 6

The title of this peer reviewed article is “Art and Architecture Discipline Problem”. This article talks about the relationship between art and architecture. Apparently the relationship between art and architecture has changed drastically in the past half century. The roots of the art forms are the same, but “art” is more tucked inside of galleries and hidden, while “architecture” is visible and can’t not be “seen”. The article continues to explore the relationships between painters, sculptures and architects, suggesting that if they worked together, they reconstruct and rebuild cities. It then challenges sub sections of art, saying they all meld together. For example, saying that buildings could constitute as a statue. This created lots of controversy and questions among artists, regarding their relationship with other artists.

The topic of this article is the relationship between are and architecture. The question of this article is; “what type of relationship does art have with architecture? Specifically, what what type of relationship do people in the art field, have with each other.

I am not exactly sure how to answer this research question. But I think interviews would be a good way to get peoples opinions on the art forms. Perhaps  asking for reports and acts of behaviors of events, would also be beneficial. You could then combine the reports and interviews and draw conclusions on the relationship between these different art forms.

To me, this research is very random, but interesting none the less. I would not have thought that artists would have had such strong opinions regarding other art forms.

I think my classmates would find this interesting because it is very out of the box research. The research compares things that you wouldn’t have assumed. This makes the article even more interesting, forcing the reader to think in an unorthodox way. This article is a secondary source because some of the information obtained was from another source.

Bibliography:

Plagens, P. (2014). ART AND ARCHITECTURE. Architectural Record, 202(8), 59–63.

The research article I selected for research example number 6 is an article I found in the Armacost library database. The article is from the Journal of Environmental Health volume 76, number 4. The title of the article is “Investigation of Radon and Heavy Metals in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, High Lung Cancer Incidence Areas in China.” Two cities in China, Xuanwei and Fuyuan, are located in the Yunnan province in southwest China. Xuanwei has an unusually high female lung cancer rate, which is eight times the nations average. The lung cancer rate for men in Xuanwei is four times the national average. Xuanwei has a population of more than 1.4 million people. Fuyuan is located next to Xuanwei and also has a lung cancer rate that is among the highest in the world. Fuyuan has a population of more than 700,000 people. It is believed that the primary cause of lung cancer in these cities is from burning coal in the homes. The authors believe that there are other possible causes of high lung cancer rate which include heavy metals and radon found in the water and soil. The authors collected water and soil samples at twenty-five sites within the two cities. The sites were located in communities with high lung cancer rates. All of the water samples were collected from water wells and the soil samples were collected from different locations. Radon was monitored using a radon analyzer. The air was also tested for levels of mercury. The results of the analysis showed that the level of radon in the air did not exceed the World Health Organization standard and most the heavy metals were found at very low levels in the water and soil. The authors concluded that the exposure of radon and mercury in the air had no significant relationship to lung cancer. They also found that the heavy metals in the water and soil had little influence on the health of the population. Their study was the first one to determine the levels of the pollutants in that area. The authors believe that this study will be helpful to future studies on the causes of lung cancer in these cities.

Lv, J., Zhang, W., & Xu, R. (2013). Investigation of radon and heavy metals in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, high lung cancer incidence areas in china. Journal of Environmental Health, 76(4), 32-8. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.redlands.edu/docview/1449819742?accountid=14729

I was hoping to find something extremely connected to my research proposal for the last research example. I have found it really helpful to see how other studies similar to mine had conducted research so I can get ideas. I ended up finding an article in BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth called “Why do some women choose to freebirth in the UK? An interpretative phenomenological study” by Claire Feeley and Gill Thomson. The topic of the article was freebirth and the question asked why women in the United Kingdom choose to have a freebirth. Freebirth is when a woman gives birth to her baby with no professionals present. I honestly had no idea that this was something that women in developed countries did by choice, and it was pretty shocking to learn that it is preferred by some women. The type of data needed for the study was deep opinions and attitudes, and the data was gathered with a survey and then in-depth interviews. In the end, the data was analyzed with  phenomenological data analysis and coding of interviews. This article is a primary literature source.

The researchers posted advertisements for the study at freebirth education centers to recruit subjects. They gave the members of the study an initial questionnaire and then they had in-depth interviews to get more information. The study was successful in discovering some reasons why women in the United Kingdom choose to have a freebirth. Most of the women from the study made the decision based on their personal situation and previous experiences with childbirth. The study concluded that these women did not trust the childbirth system in the United Kingdom and wanted to take care of it themselves.

Since I had never heard of freebirth before, I thought it was an extremely fascinating study that could also be helpful with my research project. I wish they interviewed some women who had not given birth before and had other reasons for choosing a freebirth.

Citation:

The topic of my research is environmental justice and pesticide health effects, furthermore my research will explain the correlation between areas with high pesticide use and schools with a high percentage of Hispanic enrollment. To elaborate on the importance of the research, the research proposal must also explain why discovering a positive correlation can help expose environmental justice where a minority group is subjected to environmental hazards, for example Hispanics and pesticides in Ventura County.

The article used is titled “Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: ₄. Pesticides”, the article was written by Margaret D. Sanborn, Donald Cole, Alan Abelsohn and Erica Weir. The article can be found on CMAJ Open, an online open-access journal.

First, pesticides are used to “kill animal, insect, plant and fungal pests in agricultural, domestic and institutional settings.” There are three major ways humans absorb toxic pesticides, they are ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. The people most vulnerable to dermal absorption are children, this is because of “behavioral factors such as hand-mouth behavior and play patterns…”. Schools closest to agricultural pesticide exposure will have a higher toxicity and health effects like non-Hodgkins lymphoma will be more prominent. “Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (also known as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, NHL, or sometimes just lymphoma) is a cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the body’s immune system (American Cancer Society).”

This research example was used to find reasons why the correlation between pesticides and environmental justice is important. Discovering reasons why a correlation is important will help the subjected change their circumstances.

Sanborn, Margaret D., et al. “Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 4. Pesticides.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 166.11 (2002): 1431-1436.

“What Is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?” , www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/about/what-is-non-hodgkin-lymphoma.html.

The article I focused on this week was related to both mental illness and homelessness, but with an emphasis on law enforcement. The article was titled, “Police and Homeless Outreach Worker Partnerships: Policing of Homeless Individuals with Mental Illness in Washington D.C.” The article is located in the scholarly journal called ‘Human Organization’ and was written by Jennie Simpson.

Simpson, Jennie. 2015. “Police and Homeless Outreach Worker Partnerships: Policing of Homeless Individuals with Mental Illness in Washington, D.C.” Human Organization 74 (2): 125-134. http://ezproxy.redlands.edu/docview/1688054975?accountid=14729.

The article decided to put an emphasis on law enforcement in relation to the homeless population and mental illness because of the attention of it in the media. In recent years there were police shootings that unfortunately killed several mentally ill homeless in several different states. The police in Washington D.C. recognized this tragedy and decided it would be best to put their efforts into a worthy cause and partner with the Homeless Outreach Programs that are available in D.C. Unfortunately, due to our economy services that could help the mentally ill have shit down leaving them homeless. The research question being asked is, “Is law enforcement partnering with homeless outreach programs a possible solution?” To answer this question the author uses ethnographic data to watch interactions between the police and the homeless before and after they informally partnered with the homeless outreach programs. To analyze this type of data, would be qualitative data. It is qualitative data because you have to turn your observations into categories they can analyze. Something I found interesting in this is that the article made it a point to stress that this was a difficult task for the police officers. It was difficult because they wanted to reduce crime through law enforcement, but were also trying to provide services to the less fortunate.